Overview of the Grace-Fo Satellite Mission

Overview of the Grace-Fo Satellite Mission The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On: An Overview An artist depiction of the GRACE satellite configuration (Sharing, 2017) The field of remote sensing is continuously expanding and adapting to yield new information about the earth and its complex systems. Modern satellite technology has expanded to be able to monitor spatial and temporal variations in Earths global gravity field (Schutze, 2016). The ability to monitor the Earths geoid now allows scientists to understand changes in hydrological characteristics on the surface of the planet including ice mass loss due to climate change and sea level rise (NASA JPL, 2017). The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on mission represent the application of this new technology that is essential for obtaining new data about global mass redistribution. The GRACE-FO mission will offer benefits due its use of active sensors and new technological inputs, but with any satellite system, there will be sources of error and challenges in design and data usage. The first GRACE mission was launched in 2002 as a result of the combined efforts of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) with assistance from partner institutions of both leading agencies (Schutze, 2016). The primary goal of the mission was to provide a new model of Earths gravity field every 30 days (Schlepp et al., 2015). Two identical satellites comprise the system with one trailing behind the other by 220km in a sun-synchronous orbit (Wahr, 2007). The satellites fly in a low polar orbit of 450 km and, the system circles the Earth every 90 minutes (Schutze, 2015). Spatial variations in Earths gravity field lead to different accelerations in the two satellites and therefore, differing inter-satellite separation (Schutze, 2016). Therefore, the GRACE mission is different than many other earth observation satellite missions because it does not make measurements of electromagnetic ener gy reflected back to it from Earths surface. The distance between the two satellites serves as the source of data. Also, uniquely, the satellites are left mostly without intervention to their orbit unless they separate by less than 170 km and more than 250 km (Sheard et al., 2012). Illustration of the positions of the two GRACE satellites in response to variations in Earths gravity field; a)The two satellites pass over the ocean and neither is affected; b)The lead spacecraft encounters a change in gravity over the more dense land mass and pulls away from the trailing spacecraft; c)The lead spacecraft moves back over water but now the trailing spacecraft changes position in response to the greater pull of gravity over the land mass (Ward, 2003) The first GRACE mission was only planned to run for 5 years, but far exceeded this as it is now in its 15th year of operation. The batteries in each satellite are fatiguing and accurate data is increasingly available in more irregular intervals (Gà ¶rth et al., 2016). As a result, NASA and the GFZ created a follow-on mission to prevent data gaps (Schlepp et al., 2015). The follow-on was approved for launch in August 2017 and is known simply as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission (Schlepp et al., 2015). The primary objective for this mission is the same as the previous; to create monthly global gravity models for five years (Sharing Earth Observation Resources, 2017). The GRACE-FO mission will use some of the key sensor technology and overall design of the first GRACE mission, but will also include unique features. The same two-satellite design will remain but the inter-satellite distance will be reduced from 220 km to 50 km (Zheng and Xu, 2015).   Several very important pieces of equipment will carry over from the first mission to each of the GRACE-FO satellites but will see improvements in design. This includes a microwave instrument (MWI) dependent on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The MWI system measures the distance between the satellites centers of mass and slight changes in distance represent gravitational changes (Tapley, 2008). A very sensitive accelerometer meant to measure the forces acting on the satellites besides gravity including atmospheric drag will also remain (Tapley, 2008). There were previous accelerometer errors and satellite-to-satellite measurement errors that will be reduced by the lower altitude and up dates in design on the follow-on mission (Loomis, Nerem, and Luthcke, 2012). The microwave ranging system employed can measure the distance between satellites to within one micron or about the diameter of one human blood cell (NASA JPL, 2017). It is known as a KBR system because it utilizes microwaves in the K (26 GHz) and Ka (32 GHz) frequency channels (Jiang et al., 2014). Distance measurements between the two satellites are taken by monitoring the time of flight of microwave signals transmitted and received nearly simultaneously between the two spacecraft (Bao et al., 2005). Previously collected data and models created by scientists based on known gravitational differences linked to mountains and ocean trenches, the location of the sun, and the flow of the tides are compared to new measurements of the satellites to interpret gravitational changes (NASA JPL, 2017).   Also, the GPS unit on board is used in tandem with the MWI to be able to understand the gravity field below and can accurately assign capture time to data (Sheard et al., 2012). The accelerometer can then measure non-gravitational forces affecting the satellite as previously mentioned including atmospheric drag and solar radiation pressure (Schutze, 2016). These additional forces are then subtracted from measurements taken by the MWI. At the low altitude of orbit of GRACE comes changing solar radiation and large thermal disturbances to on-board instruments (Schutze, 2016). As a result, one improvement to the accelerometer on the GRACE-FO satellites will be placing the measurement digitalization unit in a temperature controlled area of the spacecraft to prevent temperature variation that can make data inaccurate (Christophe et al., 2015). The FO mission will include new technology known as a laser interferometer that will make measures that are at least 25 times more precise than the on-board microwave ranging system due to shorter wavelength usage (Sharingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2017). The LRI uses an active transponder principle, which means that the weak incoming received (RX) beam to the trailing satellite is replaced by a strong local oscillator (LO) beam. The LO beam is then reflected back to the lead satellite by a Triple Mirror Assembly (TMA) which directs the beam and influences the amount of light returned (Fledderman et al., 2014). It also serves to effectively route the incoming beam around other important hardware pieces (Fledderman et al., 2014). The use of the new laser interferometer represents the first time an active laser ranging system will be operated between two spacecraft (NASA JPL, 2017). However, the microwave system will remain intact to ensure continuity of data from the first mission and the use of interferometer represents only a technology demonstration (Sharingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2017). While some studies found the LRI technology could greatly increase the accuracy of gravity data, others found that there would be only moderate improvements in the accuracy models (Flechtner et al., 2015). However, seeing the results of the two systems as they operate simultaneously will create meaningful data for the planning of future of gravity field missions. The GRACE-1 mission allowed for new breakthroughs in the fields of hydrology, oceanography, glaciology, geophysics, and geodesy (Sharingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2017). Since gravity is determined by mass, the GRACE systems have the capability to show how mass is distributed around the planet (Sharingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2017). However, GRACE has and will continue to have no vertical resolution and can therefore, not distinguish between surface water, soil moisture, and ground water (Bolton and Thomas, 2015). Land surface models therefore allow for the disaggregation of Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) data by separating these data into layers with known points of distinction (Bolton and Thomas, 2015). For example, in a study of the High Plains region of the US, the variability of snow and surface water were found to make insignificant contributions to TWS variability compared to groundwater and soil moisture changes (Ward, 2003). Therefore, removing moisture data known from previous studies of th e region allowed scientists to subtract these figures from the GRACE gravitational measurements to understand changes in groundwater levels over time (Ward, 2003). Over time, improvements in GRACE data processing have allowed for the detection of changes in TWS within 1.5 cm accuracies for a wide range of spatial and seasonal scales (Jiang et al., 2014). (Ward, 2003) Measuring changes in global mass distribution can help scientists across many disciplines. GRACE data has also been used to observe increases and decreases in the ice and snow masses of glaciers and changes to the solid Earth following seismic activity such as the Fukushima earthquake of 2011 in Japan (Flechtner et al., 2016). Ocean water elevation changes caused by the devastating 2004 Sumatra tsunami had an impact of the inter-satellite distance of the GRACE satellites and showed how oceanic mass redistribution can affect Earths gravity field (Bao et al., 2005). Due to the relatively low spatial resolution of GRACE data, it is more useful for monitoring large-scale terrestrial water changes such as in past studies of the entire Amazon Basin or India (Bolton and Thomas, 2015). Other applications include flood and drought monitoring for management projects and interventions (Bolton and Thomas, 2015).   For example, the US National Drought Mitigation Center uses GRACE data mont hly to generate drought indicators and monitor surface water changes (NASA JPL, 2016). GRACE data also allows for the study of changes in deep ocean currents by measuring pressure changes at great depths. Similar pressure changes in the structure of the solid earth can be studied as well (NASA JPL, 2016). Trends in TWS and water mass redistribution made possible from GRACE data from 2002-2013 (Bolton and Thomas, 2015) One of the benefits of an active satellite system such as the GRACE-1 and GRACE-FO compared to passive systems is that it can collect accurate data 24 hours per day because it creates its own source of electromagnetic energy (Schowengerdt, 2006). Also, the use of microwaves in the GRACE missions means that data is not affected by any type of cloud cover which often greatly affects accurate passive sensor data acquisition because the system only considers inter-satellite distance and GPS location for data retrieval. Active sensors dependent on microwave signals like on the GRACE missions are unique in their capabilities. The launch of the first GRACE mission allowed for data on earths geoid that was 100 to 1000 times more accurate than previous models could estimate depending on the region of the global under consideration (Ward, 2003). GRACE data has also allowed scientists to under the impact of global climate change based on mass redistribution of water around the globe in a comprehensive and consistent manner never previously achieved. With more accurate data from the GRACE-FO mission and the security of continued data creation, changes caused by climate change will continue to be monitored and planning for issues such as drought can be improved. However, compared to passive system data, the analysis of data is more complex and costly overall. The data output of the GRACE systems also requires a lot of manipulation and filtering to create meaningful datasets for a variety of disciplines. The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum is far from the visible region and therefore, the resulting data is also less intuitive for human interpretation (Schowengerdt, 2006). The raw data outputs for GRACE are just inter-satellite distance measurements and GPS data about satellite location (Ward, 2003). Therefore, improvements in satellite technology components alone will not improve the data created by GRACE. Improvements also need to be made to the many geophysical models used in data processing (Loomis, Nerem, and Luthcke, 2012). For example, a complete global depiction of the earths gravity field is only available every 30 days while forces such as tidal shifts can change on a minute-to-minute basis. This difference creates an issue in which short-term differences are lost or their impact is underestimated (Sheard et al., 2012). Therefore, understanding gravitational influences not directly linked to mass balance changes is essential. Models of gravity field anomalies on earths geoid created by comparing GRACE data from two different temporal scales (Ward, 2003) Models based on GRACE data are also limited by the noise present in the system data. This noise is linked to instrument errors, uncertainties in background models, and limitations in processing strategies (Siemes et al., 2013). In order to make meaningful measurements of mass changes on the earth using GRACE data, the noise of resulting models needs to be kept at a minimum, usually accomplished by applying filters (Siemes et al., 2013). However, when one problem is solved, another potentially arises. Filtering suppresses noise and blurs the signal, limiting the spatial resolution so much that part of the leak may affect nearby regions and cause errors in mass redistribution data (Siemes et al, 2013). However, more complex filtering methods have been developed to also minimize the blurring of data. Also, the spatial resolution of GRACE data is ultimately limited (Siemes et al., 2013). The spatial range for very accurate GRACE data application was 400km to 40,000 km for the first mission (Tapley, 2008). The strength of GRACE data therefore lies in an ability to monitor mass changes over time rather than to understand the water storage in one area at a specific time. However, there is potential for the lower altitude of the GRACE-FO mission and the LRI technology utilization of shorter wavelengths to allow for higher spatial resolution. The GRACE mission have shown that the use of active sensor technology on earth system satellite missions that utilizes microwave laser instruments and likely laser interferometers is incredibly efficient at understanding changes in earths geoid. With the launch of the GRACE-FO mission later this year, even more accurate measurements and greater understanding of mass redistribution of water around the planet will be possible. Despite the rapidly changing and unpredictable political climate of the United States government, the launch of the GRACE-FO mission seems undeterred and the collection of important data related to climate change-related issues will continue to be gathered. References Bao, L.F., Piatanesi, A., Lu, Y., Hsu, H.T., and Zhou, X.H. (2005) Sumatra tsunami affects observations by GRACE satellites. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 86(39), 353-356. Bolton, J. and Thomas, B. (2015) Overview of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and applications. NASA Applied Remote Sensing Training (ARSET). Powerpoint Presentation. http://www.cazalac.org/mwar_lac/fileadmin/imagenes2/Remote_Sensing/S5P1.pdf [2.3.17]. Christophe, Boulanger, Foulon, Huynh, Lebat, Liorzou, and Perrot. (2015) A new generation of ultra-sensitive electrostatic accelerometers for GRACE Follow-on and towards the next generation gravity missions. Acta Astronautica, 117, 1-7. Flechtner, F., Neumayer, K., Dahle, C., Dobslaw, H., Fagiolini, E., Raimondo, J., and Gà ¼ntner, A. (2016) What can be expected from the GRACE-FO laser ranging interferometer for earth science applications? Surveys in Geophysics, 37(2), 453-470. doi:10.1007/s10712-015-9338-y. Fleddermann, Ward, Elliot, Wuchenich, Gilles, Herding, . . . Shaddock. (2014) Testing the GRACE follow-on triple mirror assembly. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 31(19), 12. Gà ¶rth, A., Sanjuan, J., Gohlke, M., Rasch, S., Abich, K., Braxmaier, C., and Heinzel, G. (2016) Test environments for the GRACE follow-on laser ranging interferometer. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 716(1), 4. Jiang, D., Huang, Y., Fu, J., Wang, J., Ding, X., and Zhou, K. (2014) The review of GRACE data applications in terrestrial hydrology monitoring. Advances in Meteorology, 2014, Vol.2014. Loomis, Bryant D., Nerem, R. S., and Luthcke, S. B. (2012) Simulation study of a follow-on gravity mission to GRACE.(Report). Journal of Geodesy, 86(5), 319. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). (2016). Applications overview. NASA. GRACE Tellus: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment. https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/applications/overview/ [2.3.17]. . (2017) GRACE-FO. NASA. GRACE Tellus: Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment. https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grace-fo/ [2.3.17]. Schlepp B., Kirschner M., Sweetser T.H., Klipstein W.M., Dubovitsky S., (2015). Flight Dynamics Challenges for the GRACE Follow-On Mission. 25th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics (ISSFD). http://elib.dlr.de/98835/1/ISSFD2015_FD%20Challenges%20for-20GRACE-FO_Schlepp.pdf [2.3.17]. Schowengerdt, R. (2006) Remote Sensing [electronic resource] : Models and Methods for Image Processing (3rd ed.). Burlington: Elsevier Science, 204-243. Schà ¼tze, D. (2016) Measuring Earth: Current status of the GRACE Follow-On Laser Ranging Interferometer. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 716(1), 6. . (2015) LISA technology sheds light on climate change: GRACE-FO mission. LISA Mission. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb29hD3OgFw [2.3.17]. Sharing Earth Observation Resources. (2017) GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On)/ GFO (GRACE Follow-On). EO Portal Directory. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/g/grace-fo [2.3.17]. Sheard, B., Heinzel, S., Danzmann, G., Shaddock, K., Klipstein, D., and Folkner, A. (2012) Intersatellite laser ranging instrument for the GRACE follow-on mission. Journal of Geodesy, 86(12), 1083-1095. Siemes, C., Ditmar, P., Riva, R., Slobbe, E., Liu, M., and Farahani, D. (2013) Estimation of mass change trends in the Earths system on the basis of GRACE satellite data, with application to Greenland. Journal of Geodesy, 87(1), 69-87. Tapley, B. (2008) Gravity model determination from the GRACE mission. The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, 56(3), 273-285. Wahr, J. (2007) Time Variable Gravity from Satellites-3.08. In Treatise on Geophysics, 218. Ward, A. (2003) Weighing earths water from space: challenges and limitations to using the GRACE technique. NASA Earth observatory. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WeighingWater/printall.php [7.3.17]. Zheng Wei and Xu Houze. (2015) Progress in satellite gravity recovery from implemented CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE and future GRACE follow-on missions. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 6(4), 241-247. doi:10.1016/j.geog.2015.05.005

Communication Research and Advertising Essay

1 MAIN ISSUE Content analysis of different creative concepts and their characteristics applied in eight selected advertisements found in two publications – weekly magazines – Drum and You of July 11, 2013. 1.1Main issue criteria Creative concepts applied in the advertisement will play a meaningful role whether the campaign succeeds or not. Pictures, text and captions are but some of the few items that are used to structure the advertisement. In other instances, advertisers use unique payoff lines which enable them to be a cut above the rest. 1.1.1Nature of research The research approach is both qualitative and quantitative. The use of narrative data on the study prompted the adoption of qualitative approach. The quantitative approach came as a result of a data that was counted and numerically measured. 1.1.2Time dimension The nature of the research is cross-sectional. The study is conducted through the use of July 11, 2013 editions of Drum and You. Both are weekly magazines. Therefore research findings are limited to the abovementioned period. 1.1.3Action Exploratory and descriptive studies are used to determine characteristics of creative concepts used in selected advertisements for the research project. see more:pta meeting narrative report 1.1.4Issue The issue at hand is to look at creative concepts used by various advertisers from the selected advertisements published in the July 11, 2013 editions of Drum and You. 1.1.5Method A content analysis of two publications – Drum and You – and promotional messages carried through the use eight selected advertisements. 2RESEARCH CRITERIA Every study conducted has to meet research criteria. It had to be relevant, researchable, cost-effective and should not violate acceptable ethical standards. 2.1Relevance Drum and You form part of the print media which remain vital component of mass communication. Advertisers also used these platforms to reach out to the target market. As a result of that, the research issue is relevant and meets the criteria for communication research. 2.2Researchability Every newspaper and magazine carries various advertisements. Advertisers pay for the space booked in the publication. The study will therefore be easily conducted due to the growing number of businesses that used these platforms to promote their goods and services. Every advertisement has atleast a creative concept. 2.3Feasibility Drum and You have been readily available. There were other daily and weekly newspapers to choose from. The same goes about magazines; there were weekly and monthly magazines which were available at a reasonable cost. One has chosen these two publications as they were already in the collection. They form part of researcher’s regular weekly and monthly read. Decision to choose the two publications was somehow influence by the content they offer. The other one carries women issues while the next one is for soccer enthusiasts. 2.4Ethical acceptability Advertisements used will be acknowledged in the ‘sources consulted’ section. The same will apply about publications that carried them, Drum and You. 3EXTENT Two publications have been chosen to conduct the research; they are July 11, 2013 editions of Drum and You – both are weekly magazines. The study analyses creative concepts applied in the advertisements. 3.1Brief background of the publications It is imperative to know about the publications used for the study. In this research we use popular weekly publications. 3.1.1Drum Drum is a family magazine mainly aimed at black readers and contains market news, entertainment and feature articles. It was established in 1951 as â€Å"African Drum† by former test cricketer and author Bob Crisp and Jim Bailey. In 2005 Drum was described as the first black lifestyle magazine in Africa. Drum’s heyday in the 1950s fell between the Defiance Campaign and the tragedy at Sharpeville. This was the decade of potential Black emergence, the decade when the Freedom Charter was written. The aim was to promote an equal society. The Nationalist government responded with apartheid crackdowns and treason trials. Drum was a â€Å"record of naivety, optimism, frustration, defiance, courage, dancing, drink, jazz, gangsters, exile and death†. The magazine described the world of the urban Black; the culture, the colour, dreams, ambitions, hopes and struggles. The backbone of the magazine was crime, investigative reporting, sex (especially if across the colour line) and sport. This was fleshed out by imaginative photography. The formula worked and made for compulsive reading. Each issue of Drum was read by up to nine people, passed from hand to hand on the streets, in the clubs or on the trains. It became a symbol of Black urban life. About 240000 copies were distributed each month across Africa. This was more than any other African magazine. 3.1.2You You is a South African family magazine which is aimed at demographically diverse South African English-speaking readers of different ethnicities with coverage on current events and â€Å"interesting people†. It has two sister magazines: Huisgenoot (aimed at White and Coloured Afrikaans-speaking readers) and Drum. The You magazine was launched in 1987 by Nasionale Pers, which later became Media24. You is published in Cape Town. The publication covers human interest articles, celebrity news, both local and international current affairs. 3.2Geographical boundary The study will be conducted in Bloemfontein, Free State. The researcher is based in the Free State capital hence the reason for the study to be conducted in the area. 3.3Nature of the time dimension This is a cross-sectional study which will be conducted through the use of Drum and You – July 11, 2013 editions. Drum has variety of advertisements targeting general society, from body lotions to luxury vehicles. You on the other hand had advertisements such as education, men’s health promotions and cellphones. The study will be conducted between July and September 2013. 3.3.1Motivation for choice of time Both copies of Drum and You have been purchased a few weeks after one has registered for the course – Communication Research (COM3706). Advertisements which met basic requirements for the assignment were readily available. This is the main reason why the choice of time is relevant to pursue the study. 4POPULATION According to Van Rensburg (2010:150) a population can be defined as the entire group of persons or set of objects and events the researcher wants to study. 4.1Target population According to Du Plooy, GM (2009:109) target population is the actual population to which the study is used to generalise results. The population for the study has to be all the newspapers and magazines from which various advertisements were reviewed before a final decision was taken by the researcher. Eventually two publications – Drum and You – were identified. Four advertisements have been selected from each publication. Both copies have carried many other advertisements but the assignment’s requirement is to select just four of them from a copy. The researcher has gone through weekly and weekend newspapers. They included Sowetan, Daily Sun, The Citizen, The New Age, Mail & Guardian, City Press and Sunday Times. On the other hand magazines included KickOff, Move, Real, Soul, True Love, Drum and You. 4.2Accessible population In this regard, the accessible population is the publications from which the sample will be drawn for the study. Drum and You are conveniently available for the researcher to identify advertisements that will be analysed for research purposes. 4.3Population characteristics Advertisements comprise various creative concepts to make sense of the meaning and messages conveyed to the target market. Therefore various population parameters have been used to achieve advertisers’ goal with the published promotion. In the study, we have seen how pictures, punchy headlines, well-designed texts, among others, were used to draft different creative concepts. Below is the list of four population characteristics that one reported about in the research findings. âÅ"“ Colour codes applied âÅ"“ Headline âÅ"“ Photographs âÅ"“ Body copy âÅ"“ Text visuals 4.4Units of analysis The smallest units that were analysed for the study, among others, include well-designed texts to differentiate certain products from that of their competitors. Pictures of the advertised products were also attached. In Drum, DSTV, Rajah, Playtex and Edgars advertisements have been identified for the research. On the other hand, in You the researcher has identified advertisements of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Samsung, Dermalex and Regal Pet Health. Various eye-catchers have been applied in the advertisements used for the study. Subheadings were punchy, but we cannot confirm if they were indeed factual. Headlines and pictures seemed to complement each other. So far, headings that promised customers benefit appeared to work the best. One has analysed pictures and graphics used, slogans, text applied, including headlines used in the advertisement. The abovementioned elements form a backbone in making sense of creative concepts. 5ASSUMPTIONS Lingerie designers use young, beautiful ladies in their promotional campaigns to drive the message home that their underwears will make them look stunning and energetic. Advertisers use slogans to catch the attention of consumers and thus ensuring that they easily recall their products. And more importantly, they were able to differentiate them from those of their competitors. Amplification creative concept becomes a must when advertisers promote expensive goods such as cars. Brand names are repeated more than once in the advertisements and this is done through the use of well-designed texts, logos and pictures. 5.1Sub issues Do lingerie designers use young and gorgeous ladies to promote their wears? Do advertisers use slogans to get the attention of consumers in order to ensure that they recall their products and not confuse them with those of their competitors? Is an amplification creative concept a must when advertisers promote expensive goods such as cars? Do brand names get repeated more than once in the advertisements through the use of well-designed texts, logos and pictures? 6GOAL and OBJECTIVES The study seeks to investigate practical issues which are creative concepts used in advertisements. 6.1Nature of the goal The nature of the research is applied goal. The researcher has investigated how creative concepts can be more effective in the advertisements. The study is more practical as one had to cut advertisements from both Drum and You magazines before they could be converted into soft version via the use of a scanner. 6.2Relationship of goal to the main issue By its own nature applied communication research is descriptive and explorative. This is also the case with the study the researcher is persuading. The explanatory objective is as a result of practical exercises to be conducted throughout the course of the study. The descriptive objective is as a result of determining how creative concepts will be applied in the selected advertisements from Drum and You. 7RESEARCH QUESTIONS Does the use of young models in lingerie effective to attractive customers and connect them with the benefits of the advertised underwears? Can advertisement deliver the good message to the intended audience even if the slogan was not applied to the optimum use? Why is it so vital to use amplification creative concept over others when promoting expensive goods such as vehicle? What is the role played by headlines, pictures and copy text in conveying the advertisement message? 8THEORETICAL APPROACH The theory that is applicable for the study will be explained through both connotative and denotative. Some of the creative concepts used are attached to literal meaning while others are figurative. For instance, some beauty products claimed that they will enhance the skin of young ladies and they will appear more attractive than ever before after using their lotions. The use of young models offered the literal meaning as one could easily associate with what was seen on the photo accompanying the advertisement. Pond’s and Johnson’s African Nurture are case in point in this regard. Figurative meaning, for example, can be seen in the Toyota Etios advertisement. The words such as, ‘Take your smile for a test drive’. It was a figurative expression that one will be happy to drive the car and the testimony of that can be found in the test drive. 8.1What each creative concept mean Pink is the feminine colour. The Pond’s and Johnson’s African Nurture advertisements made use of the colour as they promote women’s beauty products. The happy looking ladies, who have been used as the faces of these products, somehow, were a sign of the benefit that comes with their use. The promise of benefit was one of the fundamental creative concepts. The ladies were used as a proof to the claim that was made by the advertisers that their products will do wonders for the users. Another colour that was used by the advertisers was yellow. The denotative meaning of the colour was happiness. The Toyota Etios advertisement promised users some excitement as they will be smiling. The yellow colour was used extensively in the background of the advertisement. The same colour yellow was used heavily in yet another Johnson’s African Nurture advertisement. We have seen a group of young gorgeous ladies, mostly dressed in yellow dresses, overjoyed after using the beauty-enhancing product. A factual approach was applied that one can hammer on was in the SuperSport advertisement of HD-PVR Decoder. Action pictures of footballers such Orlando Pirates striker Benni McCarthy and Chelsea forward Fernando Torres have been used to back up the story. Over and above watching high definition pictures on television, viewers will have the benefit of watching best football matches in Europe – the live coverage of Barclays Premier League, Spanish La Liga, German’s Bundesliga, South Africa’s Premier Soccer League and the UEFA Champions League matches. Slogans on the other hand form a vital component. The advertisements of Peugeot, Toyota and Pond’s were among those that have used this creative concept to back up their brands. A detailed explanation of the new Toyota Etios summed up the use of amplification creative concept in the advertisement. Users were informed in not so many words about the benefits of the car and which features have been installed. Both the Johnson’s African Nurture advertisements were loaded with the appeal creative concept. They were specifically targeted at African women. The SuperSport advertisement provokes curiosity while it also had the slogan on, â€Å"World of champions†. They urge readers and â€Å"welcome them to the next level†. It was a metaphor used to urge readers to use HD PVR Decoder for better and quality television pictures. The Scorpion Legal Protection advertisement urged the consumers to take action by enlisting their legal services from as little as R39. Clients were also provided with an sms number for further clarity. A classic example of the use of brand name in the advertisement was visible in the Peugeot promotion. It was repeated with words and pictorially with the logo emblazoned. 9RESEARCH DESIGN The research design is both qualitative and quantitative. 9.1Qualitative design The design is relevant as the study will identify and examine various creative concepts used on eight selected advertisements. Effectively this also serves to examine elements that distinguished various advertised products from those of their competitors. Creative concepts remain fundamental muscle of each advertisement. The critical aspect in this regard is the fact that the design is all about analysing content from, among others, pictures, texts, messages used from selected advertisements for the purpose of the study. The study will go further to analyse data by comparing findings from all identified advertisements. The researcher will look at the similarities and differences spotted on the selected advertisements. The comparative analysis comes as a result of explanations of similarities and differences found in eight selected advertisements which prompt the study. This, after having realised how various advertisers use creative concepts in getting messages across. 9.2Quantitative design The researcher will count the number of creative concepts applied in each an every single advertisement selected. The figures will be presented on the tally sheet. The tally sheet will show in detail which advertisement that has used many creative concepts compared to others. However, we cannot make a claim directly that there was a common and obvious creative concept appearing most often or less often in any advertisement. 9.3Inductive reasoning This was applicable as the researcher has interpreted the collected data for the study. For example, the use of certain colours such pink and purpose would best be aligned with femininity. This was the reason why Playtex has resorted to these colours for their advertisement. 9.4Deductive reasoning The researcher looks on how general assumptions related to the advertisement messages are applied. For instance, creative concepts remain the lifeblood of each an every advertisement. 9.5Methods and techniques to collect qualitative data The researcher will read and look intently on how advertisements are crafted. How the graphics, pictures, headline texts and words, among others, are put together in building creative concepts and eventually producing the advertisements. We get to understand the meaning even though connotative and denotative messages are delivered to draw the attention of the readers. One had to understand the style and language used and its relevance to the advertisement. The researcher looks on how certain colour codes are applied to ensure certain advertisements live to the theme of the promoters. 9.6Methods and techniques to collect quantitative data Content analyses of various advertisements as well as inferential statistics of the number of creative concepts used were fundamental in this regard. As outlined earlier, the outcomes to this fact had been presented in the tally sheet as appeared in the data analysis section. 10CONCLUSIONS 11SELF-ASSESSMENT AND REFLECTIONS Learnt Skills Shortcomings Outcomes SOURCES CONSULTED Barker, R & Angelopulo, G. 2009. Integrated Organisational Communication. Cape Town: Juta. Du Plooy, T. 2001. Communication research. Only study guide for COM306D. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Du Plooy, GM. 2009. Communication research: Techniques, methods and applications. Cape Town: Juta. Fourie, PJ (ed). 2009. Media Studies Volume 3: Media content and media audiences. Cape Town: Juta. Johnson’s African Nurture advertisement. 2012a. Real, August: 2. Johnson’s African Nurture advertisement. 2012b. Real, August: 47. Koekemoer, L (ed). 2005. Marketing Communications. Cape Town: Juta. Peugeot advertisement. 2012. KickOff, August: 5. Pond’s advertisement. 2012. Real, August: 51. Reid, J & Van Heerden, M (eds). 2009. Media studies: media content and media audiences. Only study guide for COM303A. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Scorpion Legal Protection advertisement. 2012. KickOff, August: 22. SuperSport advertisement. 2012. KickOff, August: 83. Toyota advertisement. 2012. Real, August: 111. University of South Africa. 2012. Department of Communication Science. CMNALLE. Important guidelines and Information regarding your studies: University of South Africa. University of South Africa. 2012. Department of Communication Science. Communication Research. Tutorial Letter 101/2012: Semesters 1 and 2: University of South Africa. University of South Africa. 2012. Department of Communication Science. Communication Research. Tutorial Letter 102/2012: Semesters 1 and 2: University of South Africa. University of South Africa. 2012. Department of Communication Science. Communication Research. Tutorial Letter 103/2012: Semesters 1 and 2: University of South Africa. Van Rensburg, GH. 2010. Research in the social sciences. Only study guide for RSC2601. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Vaseline advertisement. 2012. KickOff, August: 17. SELF-ASSESSMENT AND SELF-REFLECTION The researcher has learnt about effective techniques of how to collect research data, analyse and interpret for both the research proposal and the final study. One has also been able to identify and solve research problems. Important skills earned from the study were to understand how advertisements can use more than one creative concept to convey the message to the users. The concepts used completed each other and pointed out to different angles of the final output. It goes without saying that one has managed and was able to interpret print advertisements accurately. To get to understand subproblems and underlying assumptions in the research study and how to formulate relevant research questions. In addition to that, the researcher is now able to craft relevant research designs that are appropriate for investigating the main research problem. A notable shortcoming of the study was that it could not address all the problems identified as the advertisements were already been printed. But could only make certain inputs. Due to the changes in the market, researchers were prompted to always come with the ways and ideas of overcoming these challenges and gauging the emotions of consumers.

Allegory in Lord of the Flies Essay

In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, which is set during World War II, English school boys, escaping war in England, crash on a deserted tropical island. From the protected environment of boarding school, the boys are suddenly thrust into a situation where they must fend for themselves. In order to survive, the boys copy their country’s rule for a civilized life by electing a leader, Ralph. He promises order, discipline, and rules for the boys so that they form a small civilized society. This civilized society does not last. Struggling with Jack who wants to be the leader and the boys’ fears of the unknown, Ralph is unable to maintain control, and the boys fulfill Golding’s perspective that human nature is inherently negative as the boys become savages that brutally and viciously kill. Golding creates an allegory by using symbols to show his pessimistic view of human nature through the boys’ desire for civilization, their struggle against evil, and their descent into savagery. Golding develops the allegory using symbols of the boys’ desire for civilization. Leadership and reasoning are represented by the symbols of Ralph and the conch and Piggy and his glasses. Finding a conch on the beach, Ralph uses it to keep law and order or peace among the boys. â€Å"Ralph grasped the idea and hit the shell with air from his diaphragm. Immediately the thing sounded† (15). Blowing into the conch, Ralph assembles the boys for meetings. He uses the conch to promote fair play by passing it around so that each boy has the opportunity to speak freely and express himself. â€Å"I’ll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking† (39). Ralph represents the order that is necessary in a civilized society, and the conch is the means by which he establishes this order. In addition to establishing order, Ralph organizes the boys into separate groups like hunters, gatherers, and shelter makers to aid the survival of the group giving more evidence of his leadership abilities. Ralph delegates one responsibility to Jack making him in charge of the hunters. Although the boys would prefer to have fun and play games, they follow Ralph’s rules at first. This order is maintained until Ralph loses his leadership role to Jack. After providing, or bribing, the boys with juicy pig meat, Jack asks â€Å"’Who’ll join my tribe and have fun? ’† (211). This lure of enjoyment along with the promise of more food sways the boys to follow Jack. With the demise of Ralph’s leadership and under the leadership of Jack, the boys begin to turn towards savagery. From this point on, the change in the leadership brings with it the transformation of the boys from ordered society to savages. Through the downfall of Ralph’s leadership and the resulting descent into savagery, Golding is able to reveal how the dark side of human nature can prevail. Golding’s character Piggy portrays the voice of reasoning and logic and his glasses symbolize his wisdom. Ralph recognizes Piggy’s ability to think with clarity and soon depends upon him in his role as leader. Piggy’s idea to use the conch to assemble all the survivors leads to Ralph’s election as leader. Ralph uses Piggy’s ideas for building shelter and Piggy’s glasses to ignite the signal fire. â€Å"Ralph moved the lenses back and forth, this way and that, till a glossy white image of the declining sun lay on a piece of the rotten wood† (30). Golding shows his pessimistic view of human nature as Piggy, whose ideas and logical thoughts have been so important to the boys’ survival, becomes irrational. Once the voice of reason, Piggy refuses to accept his role in the death of Simon. The destruction and loss of his glasses destroys Piggy’s ability to see clearly and decreases his ability to influence the actions of the group. Upon an attack, Piggy, who once refused to believe in the beast, thinks Jack is the beast and cries out â€Å"’It’s come! ’ gasped Piggy. ‘It’s real! † (233). Piggy continues to believe the group of boys will respond to logic when he asks them if it is better to be like savages and kill or to have order and be rescued. The boys remain silent when Roger pushes a big rock on Piggy to kill him. â€Å"Piggy, saying nothing, with no time for even a grunt, traveled through the air sideways from the rock, turning over as he went† (255-256). With the death of Piggy, who was the icon of reasoning, Golding shows that the dark side of human nature triumphs over reasoning and rational thinking. Golding extends the allegory by exploring the boys’ struggle against evil with the beast symbolizing the boys’ fears of evil and Jack as the symbol of the lure of evil. At one of their first meetings, the boys discuss their predicament with optimism that they will soon be rescued, and until that time, they will enjoy the freedom of the island. One of the smallest boys is urged by his peers to come forward to speak and asks reluctantly what will be done about the beast. The others laugh at him until he describes the beast as a big, snakelike creature that comes in the dark wanting to eat him. Ralph tries to dismiss the boy’s ideas as merely a nightmare, but the crowd did not completely believe him. â€Å"The eyes that looked so intently at him were without humor† (44). This moment plants the seeds of fear in the boys’ hearts that will later unleash their inner savage. Ralph returns to the topic of the beast at another meeting in hopes of calming the worries that began with the littluns and spread throughout the group. At this meeting Jack takes the conch and attempts to convince the boys again that the beast is just in their imagination. â€Å"’The thing is – fear can’t hurt you any more than a dream’† (110). Even Piggy speaks up to say that there is nothing such as the beast to be afraid of in the forest until he has the realization: â€Å"’Unless we get frightened of people. ’† (113). Golding’s development of the boys’ fears using the beast shows the struggle of humans with their inner selves and the evil that lies within. Golding creates the character Jack as a catalyst for the allegory by his luring of the boys into the evilness of savagery. When Jack first attempts to kill a pig, he hesitates because he still belongs to the civilization he left when the plane crashed. The pause was only long enough for them to understand what an enormity the downward stroke would be† (35). At this point, Jack changes. He loses the sense of self that resists the lure of evil and begins his descent to his dark side. â€Å"He snatched his knife out of the sheath and slammed it into a tree trunk. Next time there would be no mercy† (35-36). Jack becomes obsessed with hunting and works to perfect his weapons and his stealth. Jack dons a mask that frees him from his self-consciousness and shame creating a new person ready to kill. Jack takes some boys with him and kills a pig. When they returned, all are chanting â€Å"’Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood. ’† (90). Jack transforms the young boys from innocent children to violent killers. Golding uses Jack to lure the others to evil and awaken their inner savage instincts. Golding’s allegory is further developed by his description of the boys’ descent into savagery symbolized by the deaths of the pig and Piggy. Golding shows Roger’s descent into savagery when Roger, excited and blood thirsty, begins a brutal attack on the pig. He plunged his spear into the pig and â€Å"began to push down with all his weight. The spear moved forward inch by inch and the terrified squealing became a high pitched scream† (189). Roger’s sense of elation derived from killing the pig makes him want more blood. Roger delves deeper into savagery as he takes the life of a fellow human being. No longer killing just for survival, Roger finds satisfaction in the death of Piggy. â€Å"Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever† (255). Crushing Piggy with the rock, Roger silences Piggy forever. With Piggy’s death, Roger has committed murder, the ultimate crime. Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel in which Golding uses the symbols of the conch, Piggy’s glasses, the beast, Jack, and Roger to reveal his views that human nature is innately evil. Through the boys’ desire for civilization, their struggle against evil, and their descent into savagery, Golding portrays humankind as civilized only on the surface with evil lurking just beneath. As Piggy said â€Å"’What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages? ’† (122).

Decriminalization of Drugs Essay - 1328 Words

For many years, a real push has been looming on the idea of legalizing now illegal drugs. This has become a hot debate throughout nations all over the world, from all walks of life. The dispute over the idea of decriminalizing illegal drugs is and will continue on as an ongoing conflict. In 2001, Drug decriminalization in all drugs, including cocaine and heroin, became a nationwide law in Portugal (Greenwald). Ethan Nadelman, essayist of â€Å"Think again: Drugs,† states his side of the story on the continuing criminalization of hard drugs, in which he stand to oppose. Whether it is for the good of human rights or not, decriminalizing drugs may be a good head start for a new beginning. Ethan Nadelman first states that the â€Å"Global War on Drugs†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Drug control is relevant to disease control. By this, I mean, since the usage of illegal drugs could bring an addict one step closer to an incurable disease, it has been brought to my atten tion that drug control and disease control have similarities of preventing one another. As you can see, Global War on Drugs may be far from winning to become executed. It’s hard to say that the population of the Earth would agree to such action, but the fact that it saves lives may help them reconsider. After all, drug addicts have brains; therefore, if they want to live life to the fullest, first step they should take would be to refute the continued criminalization of hard drugs. Another dispute over Nadelman’s writing is his comment on a strategic plan to reduce the demand for drugs. Nadelman thinks that reducing the demand for illegal drugs is impossible. Sure, there has never been a â€Å"drug-free society,† and more drugs are being found every year, but that does not mean there is zero possibility. In February 1998, former U.S. president Bill Clinton set a goal to cut national drug demand in half by the year of 2007 (â€Å"Reducing Demand for Drugs† ). In order to commence the development of effective drug demand reduction, rapid evaluation of the nature and scope of drug abuse problem could be conducted in particular country or region. In addition, The Obama administration’s new drug strategy aims atShow MoreRelatedDecriminalization of Drugs3014 Words   |  13 PagesAnthony Soares Professor Minnis English 1A November 9, 2013 The Decriminalization of Drugs It goes without saying that America faces a drug addiction that is beyond anything we could have ever anticipated. It is reported that an estimated 22.5 million Americans suffer from a dependency from a drug of some sort, whether it may be stimulants, depressants or hallucinogens (NIDA 2). However these victims of addiction are often demonized for their condition and are treated as criminals by the infallibleRead MoreEffects Of Decriminalization Of Drugs786 Words   |  4 PagesDecriminalization of Drugs The War on Drugs has been a miserable failure. Prohibition does not work—if people need their fix, then they somehow find a way to get it. Obviously, it would be a much better world out there if drug abuse did not exist; nevertheless, users are still going to seek out ways to use and abuse drugs. Controlled substances are dangerous and should be treated with respect. People in possession of drugs should be treated with respect and not be looked at as violent criminals.Read MoreDrug Decriminalization And Its Effects On America1543 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Decriminalization in America There are many major factors at one point time in society, the most controversial is drug decriminalization. When the topic of drug or drug related discussion arises, many individuals would choose to ignore the topic entirely. Why not approach the topic head on? Attack the issue at its roots and refuse to give up until proven wrong. Drug decriminalization is a topic that needs to be brought to the front of discussion with politics and legislation. State and federalRead MoreDecriminalization Of Drug Usage Among Portugal1299 Words   |  6 Pages Decriminalization of Drug Usage in Portugal Derrick Routon American Government 101 Professor Newman 21 April 2016  Portugal has garnered a large amount of attention since adopting a new method to combat drug usage. They have moved to decriminalize low scale drug possession and usage instead of an incarceration of low level offenders. Many nations have desired to reevaluate their own regimen of substance control and the way abuses were handled. The Portuguese governmentRead MoreDrug Decriminalization In The United States. The Unitedstates1681 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Decriminalization in the United States The United States has been engaged in a â€Å"war† for nearly 25 years. It is a war with unclear goals; ending the war in a victory is made nearly impossible due to subjective statistics and hazy results. At the heart of this continuing struggle, the â€Å"war on drugs,† is the fundamental question: Is this a battle the United States can win? It is likely everyone will agree drugs are harmful; they have serious medical side-effects. Drugs are addictive; they canRead MoreDecriminalization Of Drugs And Its Effect On The Number Of Crimes And Homicides851 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the decriminalization of all drugs in Portugal has caused a rapid increase in the number of crimes and homicides in Portugal. Between 2001- 2006, the number of homicides increased by 40% from 105 to 148 per year (Murkin, 1). This may be attributed to the fact that now that drugs are legal, drug availability is more prevalent making it much harder for dealers to compete for customers and eventual ly resulting in turf battles ending in homicides. This could also be a product of directly drug relatedRead MoreShould Drugs Be Decriminalized?1666 Words   |  7 PagesShould Drugs Be Decriminalized? Recreational drug use has been controversial for years. Government has deemed the use of certain drugs to be dangerous, addictive, costly, and fatal. Governmental agencies have passed laws to make drugs illegal and then have focused a great deal of attention and money trying to prohibit the use of these drugs, and many people support these sanctions because they view the illegality of drugs to be the main protection against the destruction of our society (TrebachRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effect On Crime1610 Words   |  7 PagesCrime and drug use in Portugal has been a major issue, however after the government instated decriminalization, the number has decreased. Decriminalization appears to have had a slight positive effect on crime. â€Å"With its recategorization of low level drug possession as an administrative rather than a criminal offence, decriminalization inevitably produced a reduction in the number of people arrested and sent to criminal court for drug offences from ov er 14,000 in the year 2000, to around 5,500-6Read MoreAmericas War On Drugs1528 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s war on drugs has failed. After millions of dollars and untold man hours spent enforcing the prohibition of illegal drugs, there is little, if any, success to show for it. Illicit drugs are still available on most American street corners, drug usage rates have not decreased, and the scourge of drug related violence continues to spread like wildfire. Sadly, the war on drugs has also resulted in the incarceration of millions of Americans for petty possession offenses and has created a blackRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1331 Words   |  6 PagesWar On Drugs Decriminalization provides a solution the problems related to drugs. Decriminalization is not making drugs legal, it is treating the drug addicts as a patient instead of making them feel like they are criminals and putting them into a jail although selling drugs is still illegal. Drugs must be decriminalized because decriminalization has proven that the death rates and crime rates have decreased and the use of drugs have decreased in decriminalized countries such as Portugal

The What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay Cover Up

The What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay Cover Up Hearsay, Lies and What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay Read the job on which you're writing your insight paper. What you aspire to teach your reader will decide on the kind of your essay. A photo essay is a set of pictures with a total topic or theme. The very best essay writing service will supply you're a paper with no errors. Where to Find What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay It won't be good should you not deliver something which isn't up to your degree of professionalism. Instead, explain the way the ideas connect. You can make sure that your work appears completely professional without using a good deal of work. The best ones give the topic and produce an overall claim of what is going to follow. The Awful Side of What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay We are definitely the most professional, fast and most reliable writing service you will discover online. Prewriting will require less effort than writing, but if you concentrate on prewriting well and dedicate sufficient time for it, you're conserve time and stress when writing the true paper. Finding a bit of help from a friend, family member, or colleague is an amazing approach to strengthen your writing and raise your likelihood of obtaining a positive response from the reader. For instance, younger students may comprehend an example like, An benefit of doing my homework once I get home from school is I have the full evening to play. In the event you're intimidated with critical essays, all you've got to do is to ask your instructor regarding guidelines and formatting. Restate the conclusion and introduction last Most students feel that the introduction and conclusion need to be composed first or within the practice of writing the remainder of the dissertation. Nowadays you have a working thesis! The way the closing part is developed would count on the function of the essay. By the close of the day, it's up to you if you decide to appreciate the art of essay writing or not. Other topics might be the overarching plot, using language or the organization of both novels. Writing poetry essays is not everybody's cup of tea because not everyone is able to understand different concepts hidden behind poetry. An essay about the source of the American Civil War could start out with slavery and after that move on to other ideas, including states' rights. Ruthless What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay Strategies Exploited Once you comprehend the prompt, it is possible to now brainstorm and draft your college application essay. It is going to also, obviously, be a lot easier to compose your essay all around. The thesis has become the most integral portion of your essay. For the technical part, you must be certain your essay doesn't have any grammatical and orthographic errors. My essay would develop into a completely different beast. Critical essays permit you to use your critical thinking abilities. The essay prompt contains instructions for the sort of essay that you are requested to write. 2 of Wordsmith to learn more about the topic you have selected. Topic Sometimes inventing a topic can be quite so difficult, and subsequently discouraging. The subject of the essay ought to be attractively. Normally, you have to compare and certain subject or topic of two principles. The Honest to Goodness Truth on What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay Last, the conclusion should contain a succinct overview of your essay. Usually, an objective and valid conclusion depending on the real findings is expected. Purpose statements also work nicely in abstracts. Exactly like a thesis statement, a purpose statement is situated at the close of the intro paragraph, or may choose the sort of another paragraph in big papers, like dissertations etc.. What is Really Happening with What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay Each paragraph in the essay demands specific information for readers to adhere to a logical stream of information. What will have to be included in your essay will differ based on your level. The comparison and contrast tests basically adhere to the exact same structure with any normal test. By following the most suitable format, an individual can develop an impressive and meaningful comparison and contrast study of two entities. What Are Good Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay On the net, all of your prospective reader sees is a brief title and a thumbnail image to choose if they need to offer your thoughts a twirl. Utilize your five-paragraph essay methods to craft business articles people wish to read. Simply take a look at the list of 10 topics above and there ought to be one that you're interested in. People today will need to comprehend how to think of the advantages and pitfalls of the choices they make in life every single day. Thesis statements are typically a couple of sentences, located at the close of the introduction paragraph. Ideally, it ought to be written at the previous sentence of your very first paragraph (introduction). Each paragraph ought to be about one idea. Prepare the body of the essay so you've got one paragraph for every one of the causes or effects from your thesis.

Analysis Of Upton Sinclair s The Jungle - 811 Words

Muckrakers were journalists, novelists, professors, and public intellectuals who voiced their Progressive ideas, brought exposure to the living conditions of American workers and political corruption present throughout the era. Their name of muckraker was given by President Roosevelt in a speech depicting them as people who were interested in only raking the filth with a muckrake in their hands. He supported their exposure of issues but no in the way in which they did them which he often saw as irresponsible. It was very much due to the muckrakers’ success that the general public became supportive of progressive issues. One of the most famous muckrakers was Upton Sinclair. He was best known for publishing The Jungle which uncovered the atrocities of the meat packing industry. He was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland. Throughout his upbringing, he was able to experience the way both the poor and rich lived because of his parents and grandparents, respectively. He later wen t on to study law at the university level but stopped in order to work on his writing. Upton Sinclair disguised himself and went undercover for seven weeks in the year of 1904. He entered the meatpacking industry as an everyday worker and observed the conditions of the meatpacking industry. He began work at one of the factories in Chicago’s slum district known as â€Å"Packingtown†. His main purpose was to expose these horrible conditions while also showing how poor Americans and immigrants lived duringShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Upton Sinclair s The Jungle 2028 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"I aimed for the public’s hearts, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.† This quote was in response to the reaction of Upton Sinclair’s ground breaking exposà ©, â€Å"The Jungle†. On February 26, 1906 Sinclair shocked the Nation by exposing the horrors of slaughter houses and meat packing plants. Thousands of people have died from food-borne illness es. E-coli, along with other diseases resulting from filthy food processing was revealed as the murderer. As shocking as it might have been back thenRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1989 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Haitians. Upton Sinclair seemed to have a similar view of the Lithuanian immigrants of the 1800s. Upton Sinclair is the author of The Jungle, a book that follows a family of Lithuanian immigrants as they travel to and try to make their way in America. Sinclair used the book to speak out about the issues of America through the eyes of immigrants, including the economic system and the corruption within the government. The question this paper is required to answer is if Upton Sinclair adequately portrayedRead MoreThe Jungle : Social Criticism And Realism1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle, due to its strong social criticism and realism in portrayal of social issues evident in the given period of time, put Sinclair at the center of radical social movement that was held b y its members to resist the acceleration of total capitalism in early 20th century in America, the period that was identified as the â€Å"Progressive Era.† The main purpose of those movements was aimed at bringing the awareness of public through literature about the dominance of political elites who gained aRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States3647 Words   |  15 Pagescapitalistic businesses of the time period. One muckraker, Upton Sinclair, proposed the solution of a socialist society for America in his book, The Jungle, in order to destroy the power given to large, private businesses. This essay will first provide background information about the corruption in America’s capitalist system, the concept of the American Dream, and Upton Sinclair. The essay will then provide a brief summary of Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, which was written to criticize the concept of theRead MoreJungle Paper, Social Justice4076 Words   |  17 PagesIM PRESSIONS OF THE JUNGLE FROM A SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE Impressions of the Jungle From a Social Justice Perspective The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Sherree Boyce Lehman College Author Note This paper was prepared for Social Welfare Institutions and Program, SWK, 639, Section 81, taught by Professor Yvonne Johnson The novel, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair depicts the lives of poor immigrants in the United States during the early 1900’s. Sinclair is extremely effectiveRead More Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt2178 Words   |  9 PagesSinclair Lewis and Babbitt      Ã‚  Ã‚   The book under analysis herein is Sinclair Lewis Babbitt.   The copy I am using in this research is published by Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., New York, 1950.   The original version was published in 1922, but there is no information in this book regarding what printing or edition it may be.   This edition encompasses thirty four chapters which span 401 pages in length as they are printed here.   One interesting note is that the novel is dedicated to Edith WhartonRead MoreImmigrant Worker Ethics Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesrecommendations of the HRW. I will provide my opinion and consider some of the utilitarian and deontological considerations, and conclude this report with a brief summary of the entire analysis, highlighting some of the most significant parts that the report contains HISTORY â€Å"In 1906, Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle uncovered harrowing conditions inside Americas meat packing plants and initiated a period of transformation in the nations meat industry. The Pure Food and Drug Act and the FederalRead MoreThe Period Between Reconstruction And World War I1811 Words   |  8 Pagesmeans to be an American and the dynamic between the American individual and American society. The differing answers to these questions created both divisions and unifications between different races, classes, and political parties. Through careful analysis of historical documents from the period, it is evident that society owes all individuals basic civil rights and the ability to make a living through harnessing their skills in the workplace. Conversely, the individual owes society work that benefitsRead MoreEssay about Negative Stereotypes of Vegetarianism2617 Words   |  11 Pagesof time it was considered a staple for some. However, meat eaters started to pay attention t o what they were consuming once Upton Sinclair’s famous novel The Jungle was published in the early 1930’s. It drew so much attention that the Pure Food and Drug Act passed to prevent the unsanitary and hazardous practices mentioned in The Jungle from happening. However, before Upton Sinclair’s novel was published few were already recognizing the ethical and nutritional (in this time period) hazards that happenedRead MoreEnglish All Semester 26504 Words   |  27 Pagesin the same bed until her death. * * 5.04Upton Sinclair Respond to the following in complete, well-developed sentences. 1. Upton Sinclair was called a muckraker. How did Sinclair muckrake for social reform? Upton Sinclair â€Å"muckrake† for social reform, by reporting the horrible conditions women, men, and children were working in, he dedicated himself to uncovering the ill conditions of the meat industries. 2. Sinclair was convinced .... through art one could cause change.

Circumstances and Consequences of Falls †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Circumstances and Consequences of Falls. Answer: Introduction A fall in the medical context implies when an individual drops to a lower surface, usually on the ground, because of unavoidable reasons. Patient Falling can happen to anyone regardless of their age. The condition is however more frequent and dangerous to older people are they are vulnerable due to psychological factors. Falls are frequent in elderly care institutions with almost 50% of the patients experiencing drops at one point of their lives(Woolcott, 2009) The Australian healthcare has come up with strategies to reduce the causes and impacts of falls in their institutions as it provides the patients with a comfortable stay. Research shows that the increased number of patient falls amongst the older generation is due to psychological anticipation and it leads to a recurring condition in the individuals. Other causes can be accidental, and this is where nurses are expected to play the most significant role and prevent them (Milat, 2011). Falls have many negative consequences inclu ding injuries, paranoia, and fear of a repeat occurrence and even death to some extents. It is, therefore, necessary to look into this issue and provide better solutions. The researchers experience in the venerable institutions around Australia involved interacting with the patients and nurses to collect information. The leading discovery made through this research is that the ministry of health can help reduce the cases of falls for the old while in their institutions. A research process involves setting out objectives then going into the field to obtain as much data as possible to achieve these aims (Clemson, 2010). The researcher focused on several old institutions around Australia to observe the daily activities and interactions between the patients and health providers. The study wanted to get the opinion of both sides of the coin and therefore held talks with doctors and their clients. The hospital environment is more likely to have the highest number of falls because most individuals in the setting already have health conditions and disorders. The research took observation as the primary method of collecting data as it is dependable and natural. It is easier to not a few things related to the study around the institution and the way the people behave. The researcher visited different rooms like the wards, dining areas, washrooms and the outdoor environment. It was essential to take note of a few things like the design of the spaces, the lighting, floors, stairs, and other areas to examine their influence on the study (Oliver, 2010). Another observation was closely watching the doctors and nurses behaviors towards their patients and how the two related on a regular basis. It was also essential to ask the parties involved a few questions and got the perspective of each. Interviews, questionnaires and random talks and discussions gave most of the information used to make this study a success. The research observations, reviews, and interviews provide the researcher with enough information to answer the questions of the research and achieve all the set objectives. After the collection of data on the field, the researcher had to put together all the information and come up with the rationale for the findings. The observation of the spaces given to the patients provided so much information about the need to find out about falls in institutions. The lighting, especially in the staircases and bathrooms, was not that much illuminating as it is expected in such like an institution (Sherrington, 2011). The elderly require a nicely illuminated space to reduce any accidents that might lead to falls. The floors are well installed but then look a little dangerous in the bathrooms. An individual might slide on those washroom floors resulting to injuries, traumas and some extents deaths (Hanley, 2011). The outdoor environments appeared conducive to the institutional activities as the natural exposure might reduce stress and excessive thinking which in turn reduces the occurrences of falls. The relationship between nurses and their patients is the primary issue that determines the ability of the institution to help reduce and maintain falls so that they do not have that much impact on the patients. The primary cause of falls is psychological anticipation whereby the individual is scared that they might experience it due to previous occurrences (Cameron, 2010). Nurses seemed more involved with the patients in some institutions while in others they were neglecting their duties. Taking a measure of the number of falls that occurs on an annual basis in the prior organizations, the name was lower as compared to the following institutions. Nurses play a significant role in talking to their patients about the ways of reducing falls since most of the times it is a mental occurrence. Once it has occurred at one point, it is likely to happen again as the person anticipates it. Nurses, therefore, give them better things to think about instead of focusing on the negative aspects of their health. Some health professionals are however neglecting patients in the venerable institutions and leading to the increased number of falls in the hospitals. They are harmful about their environments and do not take time to help the patients heal or change their perspectives. The best way to handle a person prone to falls is to keep them distracted with other activities that will reduce their thinking towards the issue at hand. The interviews and questionnaires, however, showed that most of the institutions take care of their patients as they had a favourable feedback, especially from the doctors side. Conclusion In conclusion, the research process mainly focused on the occurrence of falls for the older generation by looking into the causes, effects and the things that doctors can do to reduce them. The study also wanted to find out if the nurses in venerable institutions do their jobs right to overcome all the chances of falls for their patients experiencing this condition (Gillespie, 2009). The researcher, therefore, utilized the appropriate methods of data collection to come up with conclusions for the study. It is, thus, crucial to ensure that physical, emotional and medical strategies are taken into consideration to reduce the condition of falling among patients. Falls amongst the elderly can be devastating for them and due to all the negative impacts that come with them; the Australian government should put more effort in the betterment of their institutions. References Cameron, I. D. (2010). Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals. . Cochrane Database Syst Rev , 1(1). Clemson, L. F. (2010). Fall prevention in Australia: policies and activities. . Clinics in geriatric medicine , 26(4), 733-749. Gillespie, L. D. (2009). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. . Cochrane Database Syst Rev , 2(2). Hanley, A. S. (2011). Community-based health efforts for the prevention of falls in the elderly. Clinical interventions in aging , 6, 19. Hartikainen, S. L. (2007). Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review. . The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 62(10), 1172-1181. Milat, A. J. (2011). 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