Basic Plan for Literacy Activities Essay Example for Free

Basic Plan for Literacy Activities Essay The literacy plan is set to teach 5th grader students that need special education. This is primarily a plan for one week lesson in a classroom. The strategy of teaching is mainly composed of Activity (A), Discussion (D), Incorporation (I), Deepening (D), and Synthesis (S) or simply ADIDS. The literacy program or technique will basically start with an activity which will stimulate the senses and awareness of the students with the topic or lesson. The students will be group into teams and compete. This should be a fun game which also details the purpose of the subject. Example is the game â€Å"Pass the Message† which details the subject like Mathematics or basic knowledge on Science and Technology in connection to the topic to be discussed. The next step is to have a brief discussion and introduction to the topic by relating the activity to the subject to be discussed. For the given example above, the importance of knowledge in the basic operations in our daily life and some basic knowledge in Science and Technology should be included with the introduction of the subject to the students. This will primarily enhance and stimulate their awareness with the importance of the course to their daily lives and encourage them to listen and participate with the discussion that was prepared. Next would be the incorporation of the knowledge to be discussed. This will include the teaching of the main subject and the basic operations, providing some examples and analysis of the subject. The next step would be the deepening part which will include some tests that will help the students to practice the knowledge that they have learned in the discussion. This will provide them the skills and help them to retain the knowledge in their minds through deep analysis and understandings. The last process would be the synthesis which will include the familiarization of the processes involve by providing some assignments and brief review of the subject matters that are discussed in the classroom. This would definitely enhance their capacity to develop new techniques and individual skills that will make them be more comprehensive and equipped with the lesson that they have learned in the classroom.

Importance Of Oligopolistic Characteristics

Importance Of Oligopolistic Characteristics This paper focuses on the importance of oligopolistic characteristics in the global container shipping industry. It is difficult to examine this market although containerization has standardized the shipping industry. My approach to meet this controversial issue is to divide between three levels: the industry, alliances and the trade level. In my investigation I also use a graphic explanation, the concentration level of the industry, the cobweb model and the kinked demand curve. The results allow us to determine how influential is the concentration level, the competition and alliances in the container shipping industry. Michail Archontakis (377602) Economics 7 December 2012 INTRODUCTION The global container shipping industry can be characterized as an oligopoly. Moreover, we can say there are few sellers and the provided services or products are quite similar. It is necessary to examine the market structure in three main levels: the industry, the alliances that exist and the trade level. The market is characterized by globalization. As a result, there is a need to satisfy customers demands and invest in resources as well as in the development of the new technology. So we can see the growth of the world economy and the world trade. Shipping companies have two choices, form an alliance or the other one is mergers and acquisitions. I will also use a graphic explanation to describe the way and how the industry has developed over the past years. Lastly, the purpose of this assignment is to introduce the importance of the oligopolistic characteristics in the global container shipping industry. THE INDUSTRY The market has mainly consisted by containers and containerization has developed it in a more standardized approach. In the global container shipping industry, we could meet collusions which are called as shipping conferences. We all know that their main interest is to fix freight rates in certain routes and form barriers, in the entry of new firms. Pricing in the industry means under the table agreements between shippers and carriers. By this way, they can achieve economies of scale which can lead to a small number of firms (Marlow and Nair, 2008). As stated by Haralambides in 2000 two factors are crucial in the understanding of conference freight rates: unit values and stowage factors. After the abolition of the anti-monopoly privilege of freight conferences (18 October 2008, Regulation 4056/86), and due to the trend of growing consolidation. The market is developing into a more collusive market, where operational agreements becoming more and more vital. The market has become more concentrated, and the smaller operators conduct a market share of less than 1% per each. As we can observe from table 1 above top 10 carriers, have a market share of 63.5% (www.alphaliner.com). The market share of the top ten carriers was 49.3% in 2000 (www.alphaliner.com). There is a tremendous increase in market share as well as in total TEUs. Moreover, few firms fit most of the market power and probably can determine in a high level the industry and the chief shipping routes. They can create entry barriers and also make agreements on the freight rates. It is especially valuable for firms to cooperate and some state acting like monopolists. As a result, each firm must be aware of the other players actions. World Ranking of Maritime Shippers, by Shipping Capacity Source: Alphaliner This oligopolistic characteristic makes the industry more complex and needs to cover many factors. Moreover, to deal with customers international requirements, the development of ever larger container ships, upgrades in technology, increasing competition and high consolidation. Leading to globalization where few firms dominate the leading trade routes and to the event of multi-trade strategic alliances. This change is also notable for the customers. Furthermore, they can now have more requirements and benefits. Nowadays, they can request faster shipping, more frequent services and lower costs as well as to know at any time the exact location and condition of their cargo. Container shipping companies have become more unified with new technologies and also have improved the contribution significantly quality. We now have larger vessels, and they can benefit from economies of scale. Surely, the oligopolistic environment has raise competition and has expanded world economy as well as world trades. ALLIANCES Shipping companies have two choices form a strategic alliance and the other one are the acquisitions and mergers. In order to reach economies of scale, scope and network alliances have developed in two ways. Moreover, there are core alliances with international partners and the other one is multi-consortia networks of slot. This is a general connection in oligopolistic markets and of considerable importance. An alliance helps to gain greater market shares and contain more effectively the trade routes as well as, the capacity. There are five key ideas in the movement of alliances in the global container shipping industry. Furthermore, it can do more effective wider geographically routes. Secondly, they can create their ships in a more global scope. The risk is less because it is shareable now. They can provide more repeated services to their customers, meaning more frequent schedules. Lastly, economies of scale become more apparent, and there is also an increase in the size of the ships (Sato, 2002). It is noteworthy to analyze the three of the most powerful alliances over the past years. Furthermore, these three alliances started with an agreement on collaboration for east-west trades and then extended to north-south services. The first alliance we will examine is New World Alliance. It includes mainly APL, MOL and HMM. Its overall capacity in TEUs is 1.161.468 and owns 282 vessels (alphaliner.com). Imagine that in 2000 the capacity of this alliance was 325.487 and the number of vessels 90 (Midoro and Pitto,2000). As we can see, it right increased its market share, and this is highly influential in oligopolistic markets because it can alter the market as well as conduct more properly the capacity. Another notable alliance is the Grand Alliance. In February 2006, after PO exodus the new Grand Alliance formed by Hapag-Lloyd, OOCL, and NYK Line. Its overall capacity in TEUs is 1.187.607 and owns 288 vessels (alphaliner.com). In 1996, it owned only 255.705 TEUs and 72 vessels (Midoro and Pitto,2000). Grand alliance manages twelve services in the transpacific trade. Lastly, this alliance has showed the most reliable configuration comparing to the other two alliances. The greatest alliance is CKYH with key partners Hanjin, Yang Ming, K Line and COSCO. It counts 1.548.508 TEUs and 400 vessels (alphaliner.com). It manages eight services on the Europe Asia route which has the largest capacity in TEUs. Surely, this alliance has a significant market share and also is highly competitive. Of course, alliances have a significant impact in the market share, but it is difficult to cooperate as the size of the group increases. They choose to act like monopolists because they can affect the price. Competition makes contrary to other firms to play or join in the market. This characteristic is of particularly importance in order to survive in this tough market where overcapacity and decreasing demand may be serious problems. Firms may find many reasons why to join an alliance: strategic reasons, operational reasons, in order to increase or decrease connectivity and capacity, to raise or remove a service, to merge or demerge services and to provide slots for charter. (Panayides, 2011) TRADE LEVEL We will examine the trade level of two routes, Black Sea Far East and US trade. Moreover, we will focus on the trade lines with port ranges at both ends (Brooks, 2000). In the route Black Sea Far East the top seven firms have a market share of total 89%, so the other firms contain only the rest 11%. Surely, there is an exceptionally high percent of concentration in this trade route. Moreover, MSC holds 23,15%, Maersk Line 20,33%, CMA-CGM 13,81%, Zim 13,55%, CSAV Norasia 11,64%, Hapag Lloyd 4,99% and K Line 1,53% (www.americanshipper.com). We can conclude that a tight oligopoly exists in the trade line of Black Sea Far East. The production rose, and the price decreased because the firms now hold strong shares and perform more like monopolists. Furthermore, it is difficult for new firms to enter this lane. The other trade line that we will examine is US which is more complicated than the previous one. Moreover, the top ten firms fit nearly a 65% of the total market share. So we can speak also that in the trade line exists an oligopoly, but the firms are much more and carry less market shares. Maersk Line market share is 15,27%, Evergreen 7,67%, Mediterranean Shg Co 7,20%, Hanjin 6,54%, APL 6,18%, Hapag Lloyd 6,05%, COSCO Container Lines 4,28%, OOCL 4,26%, NYK 4,04% and China Shg C.L 3,90% (www.americanshipper.com). A close exam of this market shows us that competition is greater, but the market is larger and remarkably attractive to new firms. As a result, if we operate efficiently the oligopolistic characteristics firms will increase their market shares, and it will be more difficult for new firms to enter the market. Of course, it is difficult to cooperate efficiently when the size of the group increases, but can handle more reasonable the capacity and the competition something that is particularly powerful. After analyzing these two different trade lines, we understood the meaning of the existence of the oligopolistic characteristics. Moreover, capacity can be handled more efficiently and control competition by increasing your shares. GRAPHIC EXPLANATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF OLIGOPOLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE GLOBAL CONTAINER SHIPPING INDUSTRY Table 2I think a better explanation can be given by using a graph to indicate the importance of the oligopolistic characteristics in the global container shipping industry. Moreover, we know from theory that in perfect competition demand curve intersects Marginal Cost curve at the market price P* and it supplies quantity Q* (Mankiw, 2011). The firms in this graph are price takers because there are no entry barriers. Now let see what an oligopolistic firm will make. It will reduce quantity to Q0 and at the same time will increase the price P0 until Marginal Cost equals Marginal Revenue. However, a deadweight loss (consumer and producer) can be created, meaning welfare losses to the economy. Lastly, we can observe a surplus for the firm as an oligopoly profit. This result can be represented in the global container shipping industry by selling at greater prices and offering lower services. They can use smaller containers, slower services as the market becomes more oligopolistic. Secondly, firms may try to increase their market power or insert entry barriers. These two can cause to collusion practices. Moreover, greater concentration can create collusions and contract coordination costs. Nevertheless, there are also benefits from the increase in concentration. A firm may increase its profits by taking market power from its opponents. This action can cause sensitive to the firm to provide a better product or service. In the shipping industry, a better product or service means to provide larger containers or to invest in research and development. Moreover, a firm may invest in order to keep consumers loyal to her. So companies can behave more competitively. A better explanation for the price and quantity can be given by the cobweb model. The cobweb model or cobweb theory can explain the cyclical demand and supply the container shipping industry. Moreover, when the price is high P1 the quantity is low Q1 and lower than Q2. In the next period (Q2-Q1) will reduce the price to P2. However, now Q2 is greater than Q3 meaning (Q2-Q3) will raise the price to P3. So we can conclude that when there is excessive demand price will increase and fall when there is excessive supply. Concluding, demand and supply, are both quite flexible in the global container shipping industry, specifically in an annual base. The importance is that freight rates are flexible and negotiable between shippers and carriers. Marginal cost can be considered remarkably low. Lastly, in short-run when a rapid growth may occur in the demand can be faced sufficient. The kinked demand curve can describe the behavior of the firms in oligopoly market. Moreover, the model predicts that firms do not compete in price and try to keep the price stable over time. However, in short-term there may be price fluctuations and firms may try to gain some extra market power. The importance is that firms will use other methods to increase market share than price competition. Furthermore, they can provide higher quality, more frequent services and other upgrades to keep their costumers loyal. As the market is acting like an oligopoly, it has resulted in two main trends. First, there has been an increase in container ship sizes. Secondly, there has been an important advance in container throughput. Lastly, it has reduced the costs of transportation and local economies have been transformed to global economies. CONCLUSION The global container shipping industry is primarily an oligopoly (few players which offer similar services or products). I tried to introduce the importance of the oligopolistic characteristics in this market. Moreover, I noticed that large alliances control the majority of the total market share and also high concentration exists even in the trade routes. Highly concentrated markets experience in many occasions to collusions or cartels. It is particularly dangerous due to anti-trust laws, especially after the abolishment of the anti-monopoly immunity. However, such agreements are extremely valuable for the participating firms. Moreover, economies of scale can develop by using larger vessels and also provide superior quality of services. It is better off to combine, but it is extremely difficult especially when the size of the group increases. From the graphic explanation, we concluded that it is helpful to produce relatively small quantity and push prices above marginal cost. Nevert heless, it is up to the firms if they are going to have negative or positive results. In my opinion, the oligopolistic characteristics in the global container shipping industry led the market to grow and become competent to handle the occurrence of overcapacity and increasing fuel costs. Probably in the future stronger alliances and fewer firms will occur in the market, which is extremely influential in order to thrive and remain in such a demanding industry.

Plagiarism and the Casual Plagiarist Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Plagiarism and the Casual Plagiarist It is a random Thursday night on the first floor of Brewster Hall and the Campus of State University when a frazzled young girl wanders into the room of a fellow student inquiring about The Stranger by Albert Camus. She needs to have a three page paper completed by tomorrow and cannot find a kick start on the essay writing process. Since her peers are on the level of the common doormat concerning Camus, she was left without any further help. However, had she just typed â€Å"the stranger, camus† into Google, three of the first ten sites listed would have directed her to either free or paid essay sites. While this student simply sat down and worked on her paper, the option to find a pre-made research paper was dangerously accessible to this time strapped student. However, it is these emotions that paper sites play up along with a general apathy towards plagiarism among students that make a stressed student deciding whether to plagiarize or not more inclined to go forward with the plagiaristic activity. One of the sites that the aforementioned student could have found a Camus essay on is megaessays.com. This site boasts a four page paper about freedom and death in The Stranger. However, upon signing up for the site, one must register and accept the terms and acceptable use policy, but this policy is a separate page that is not shown when the essay abstract comes up. So, the site that claims â€Å"immediate access to thousands of high quality papers and essays† on its main page also has the following in its acceptable use policy (note the spelling of plagiarism on this website): You acknowledge and agree that the license granted under these terms does not pe... ...ttp://libwww.syr.edu/research/ej/index.html>. â€Å"Questions† and â€Å"Acceptable Use Policy.† Megaessays.com. 19 September 2004. 2001-2004 Mega Essays LLC. â€Å"School Sucks: Download Your Workload (homepage)† 19 September 2004. 1996-2004 School Sucks. . Schoolsucks.com. â€Å"School Sucks- Info-Students.† 19 September 2004. 1996-2004 School Sucks. . Rosenfeld, Jesse. â€Å"Students Turned off by Turnitin.† The McGill Daily. 8 September 2003. The Daily Publication Society. . Witherspoon, Abigail. â€Å"This Pen for Hire.† Harper's. June 1995: 49-57. WilsonSelectPlus. E-Journals. State University. 19 September 2004. .

Stereotyping Women In The Media :: Gender Papers

Throughout history when we think about women in society we think of small and thin. Today's current portrayal of women stereotypes the feminine sex as being everything that most women are not. Because of this depiction, the mentality of women today is to be thin and to look a certain way. There are many challenges with women wanting to be a certain size. They go through physical and mental problems to try and overcome what they are not happy with. In the world, there are people who tell us what size we should be and if we are not that size we are not even worth anything. Because of the way women have been stereotyped in the media, there has been some controversial issues raised regarding the way the world views women. These issues are important because they affect the way we see ourselvesÂâ€"contributing in a negative way to how positive or negative our self image is. In the media there are people who view women a certain way, and if we don't hold to the standard that we are not as good as other women who are the size the media says we have to be. In an article it said that "Large women in America are to all intents and purposes invisible in today's thinness-obsessed culture. A big women is neither seen nor heard, and is defined purely in terms of her weight and other people's prejudice." (Goodman par 1) This is a hard thing for women that a heavier to understand because they want the person to think that they are heard. This plays into the way that they think and the way that women look at their bodies. You can see this happening with different types of televisions shows, which put on the show thinner women. "Practically the only television programming that addresses her directly consists of weight-loss ads, the message: lose weight. You're not real women unless you're thin (Goodman)". It is hard to think that this statement could be true, but 2

Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education :: Teaching Education

Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education As the years go on, more and more students are enrolling in higher forms of education, including collages, institutes, technical schools, and universities. This rise can be from the increase of students due to the growth of population, or the realization of the importance of after high school education. The rise of students from 1992 to 1993 was from 281,000 students to 293,000 students, a 12,000 people increase. From 1993 to 1994, the rise was from 293,000 students to 295,000 students, a 2,000 people increase. Some of the businesses affected by the growth are construction companies, staffs, cafeterias, school supplies, public transportation, and areas of entertainment. The construction companies get business by the incoming students. They get jobs building extra dormitories, class rooms, cafeterias, and anything else the collages may need. Also, home owners can raise the prices of apartments and houses because of the rise in the demand for a close by campus home. The school staffs are greatly affected by the increase of incoming students. More teachers will be hired, as well as custodians to keep the campus a clean environment. Guidance counselors and secretaries will also be needed to keep the school organized. The cafeterias in or around the campus will have more customers every day, mostly from the students who live in or around the campus. Students commuting to the school are more likely to not use the cafeterias around the school. With the rise of students, the sales of text books, pencils, book bags, and other everyday school supplies are likely to increase. This is great for the schools bookstores, the publishing companies, the book authors, and large or small school and office stores in or around the campus. School supplies are a must in collage. Most students who live on campus do not have a car. Mostly because of the most of parking, students use public transportation such as trains, busses, and taxi cabs to get around. Also, maybe areas of study are in the city where having a car is not as beneficial as in suburban areas. Movie theaters, restaurants, and comedy clubs will have more customers from students who like to have fun. Also bars, strip clubs, and liquor stores will have more business from the collage student who likes to party and have fun. Many people gain from the increase of

Positive Psychotherapy in Cancer Treatment

The start of the psychoanalyst is registered as 1975 by Jimmy C. Holland, when the understanding of the psychological support to those who was cancer- diagnosed. The meaning of psychoanalyst or sometimes they call It inconspicuously, originally was started from telling the cancer- diagnosis to the patient. In USA special stuff was assigned who would tell the diagnosis Initially to the patient. However there are lots of other cases that should be dealt with, In the process of the cancer treatment.Incontinent Is going through lots of kinds of treatments, such as chemotherapy, deteriorated, Impenetrably, medications, and so on. While going through all those hard to bear stuffs, patient Is having not only well-being problems, psychological problems, physiological problems, but also changes in physical appearances are problems. Since the patient already knows that he isn't as usual anymore, and has â€Å"zero† haircut, has lost weight, got very skinny and even sometimes color of sk in becomes different than before and many other chances such as those can happen. Heir treatments, other negative outcomes, such as metastases, cancer recurrences, repeated surgeries and worsening of the tests and so on. Can we have different people assigned to tell or to communicate about each one of those steps, or let's say outcomes? Is it possible? Cancer patients also may have problems in communication with family, doctors, medical stuff, friends, spouses, siblings, caregivers, parents, and so on. Should we not interrupt? What about leaving him alone to go through such hardships? â€Å"Absolute no† is an answer for this. Here is the main set of work for a psychoanalyst to deal with.Not only are these kinds of stuffs act as an issue, although. Psychoanalyst is a huge amount area, what is responsible for huge amount of work for every single case of a cancer patient. What I mean is, every single cancer patient has a different stereographic state: age, gender, family state, blood type and so on. Also there are lots of differences such as diagnosis, type of treatment, history of illness; and family is different. Even the place of living and birth place is important, when figuring out what is loved and unloved by him/ her.Other things like allergies, previous diagnoses, previous hospitalizing causes, and effects of treatments and etc. All of those are very important for the psychologist working in the oncology centers. Another responsibility of the anesthesiologist is to improve the actor-patient relationships, subordination state, and solve conflicts between medical stuff. How? That is up to the situation, again. Therefore, it must be known what is the real problem, the main problem that is leading to conflicts. If the treating stuff isn't feeling comfortable in his workplace then the positive effect of the treatment is under the question as well.Also, most of doctors have a burn-out state at their workouts. It is when they don't want to work to help fo r the patient to recover, and see the results, and building empathy in the relationships between him/her (doctor) and patient, owing Just what he/she has to do without any motivation and excitement. The consummation of alcohol and smoking of the doctors can be explained as a stress- release, or how we call it â€Å"discharge†. What is the reason for the doctor to have stress? As I'm in charge of psychological state of the well-being, I will tell from what I know.When the doctor sees that the patient who is discharged and happy about it will come back very soon, when the doctor have to deal with the bad outcomes of his/ her patients alone; without telling to his/her patient and his/her family, because the actor was been told like that by them; when the doctor is assigning any kind of treatment and seeing that it made the patient worse; when the doctor was scolded for the worsening of his/her patient, while already feeling bad about that; when doctor loses patient's belief or t rust in him/her and lots of such kind of stresses of the doctor may cause bigger problems for his/her career as well as to the patient's treatment. It is seen as â€Å"those doctors are cold-blooded folks†, however they are in state of long-lasted chronic distress or even sometimes chronic depression. What to do? Here psychologist is in charge of making kinds of trainings or stress-relieving consultations, treatments and therapies. However, doctors aren't always open to those kinds of procedures. This is another Job for the psychologist, to find those approaches to attract medical stuff to be open to that. Is that's all? What about the applied psychology?Applied psychology is the main thing that helps to accomplish all listed above tasks. In the first place, for the psychologist, as for the doctor, the well- session with the oncology patient, and after introducing him-I herself, the anesthesiologist is listening to the patient. While in the normal clinical session, psychologi st writes down socio-demographic state of the client. Next is asking questions in the flow of the patient's speech, and listen and notice everything told by the patient. The writing while listening isn't so necessary, even is better not to write, since the patient has gone through all those writing stuff till getting to the psychologist.If there are some significant issues in his/her speech and hard to memorize, it is k to ask the patient to stop and permit him/her to write it down, since it is very important for you, as well. If the patient is not so open-minded, however most of the incontinent are up to â€Å"free association† and not need to ask them to tell, however there are those depressed or aggressive incontinent going through one of the steps of Kibble-Rose's Scale (5-stage of the coping). There the psychologist may even make a bedside-session, what is prohibited in normal-life clinical consultation. What we do at the bedside is trying to build so called one-to-one e mpathy. With those kinds of patients, the psychologist may be called by the treating doctor of the patient or by the family of the patient, most probably.One of the way of building an empathy between the patient and the psychologist is, when psychologist is using so called insight and finds out what is favorable activities, fields of interest of the patient, either by asking the close ones or Just by looking around patient's bed and room, sometimes clothes and objects near the pillow, or accessories on him/her. Methods of treating the patient clinically (psychological term), is to use different kinds of therapies due to the cases of the patients; NIL, Gestalt therapy, psychoanalysis, psychotherapies, COB, Art therapies (especially for underage patients), cognitive harpies, meditation, visualization, Positive therapy and etc. The one that I'm going to study is Positive therapy. There are lots of different types of so-called Positive Therapy, in some cases not even based on Psychology Science.Just entering the term â€Å"Positive therapy' to the search databases will give out plenty of links, such â€Å"Silva Method†, other named webzines, named psychologists virtual seminars, trainings and so on. However, what is Positive? The term positivism leads to the belief that only scientific knowledge is accepted as the truth, and was found by August Comet in 19th entry. So, it is better not to mention about other unknown methods of positive therapies at all, and grab and hold the idea of positive therapy as the real considered method of psychological help. Some researchers say that positive thinking of cancer patient may cause the problem rather than the positive progress.It is like forcing a patient to think positively and not expressing aggressiveness or stress and whatever is felt negatively. Somehow it's related to the â€Å"not telling the diagnosis to the patient† debates. It was like that in the earlier years and nowadays thanks to philosophers, p sychologists and doctors for changing that rule, such as Level Tolstoy â€Å"Death of Ivan Illicit† work which was used in the different fields of medicine and health psychology area even as a textbook, where the sufferings of Ivan Illicit described in a detailed way, and how he couldn't express that since his wife and servant tried to hide every truth about his illness and death.Contrary to this, positive psychology is trying to help the patient considering diagnosis, it's consequences and everything open to the patient and being with the patient, that's how the support appears, when the patient How to express the anger, suffering, pain in a positive way? Positive psychology never says to express pain in a positive way, since the pain isn't something emotional. But emotions, these are what have to be dealt positively; it has many distinct methods, which are in a scientific and checked mode. That is therapies to stay positive by using Cognitive-Behavioral methods, or Locus of Control, Happiness Training Programs and so on.Surely, before setting a therapy to the patient everything should be taken into an account, such as socio-demographic state, illness, character, behavior and especially amnesias of life. Those are measured by scales, questionnaires, surveys and other testing methods. Initially, positive psychology was found by Howard Gardner, but it was assigned not for treatment, but for prevention, as for people not to get sick, not to have depression, and under-stress appearing consequences and so on. More briefly, cancer is from the psychosomatic illness group. Exciting is that the illness based on low level of well-being may cause physiologically terminal illness (here is another example for close relationship between mind-and-body).However Positive Psychology (PPTP) started to be used as a treatment as well, since the revelation is preventing from happening (not always), and how about already started or initially not prevented cases. That is how we come to apply to positive psychotherapy, what was found by Iranian neurologist, psychiatrist, and psychotherapist Angoras Physician since 1968. He developed a collection of East or in another words, Oriental tails, and stories, as one of the methods for a positive psychotherapy. There were contra-opinions to it. Like one of those I have told before, and other ones as well. However, as an explanation to those hypothetical debates, it may also develop into scientific studies and hypotheses, and may be the true of the â€Å"Positive Psychology' has perspective height as well. If the positive psychology is forcing patients to stay positive, should we develop â€Å"Realistic Psychology', or were patients aren't going to be forced to stay positive and will be taught to deal with every single problem in a real way, without trying to be positive or whatever; and if the positive psychology isn't Just forcing patients to stay positive, but more guarding patients and training them to deal with negative emotions positively, and not risking for progress of the tumor or cancer cells (cancer cells are getting ore by having the stress, depressive state, aggressive emotions and other negative mood expressions, also nervousness), then should we change the title or name of these psychological sphere from â€Å"positive psychology' into â€Å"realistic psychology'?In my short but meaningful experience, I have noticed that most of patients received â€Å"chimerical†, oncologist progress not after a while as they've been severely distressed over something. It's not a secret, that cancer cells are already existing in our body, organism, and starting to react as soon as we trigger them to react. Surely, n those who have genetic vulnerability cancer cells react more than in those who have not gene-hearted cancer cells. Here, I want to mark that, the psychological treatment is as seriously important as medical one, may be even more, since the initial trigger of the illnes s may be psychological state of the patient. Cancer patient cases: 20 years old lady, she is married and has 2 small children, I'm not allowed to tell the diagnosis, but the area of the tumor is her limb.When I first came to her, she was the burdened chemo treatment and cancer diagnosis, but more she was focused on her life problems. She was very young and already married and living with her in- laws. Her husband was sent away to prison for murdering two people, however she is confident that he admitted the criminal imprisonment instead of someone else, that is covering somebody, who is an actual criminal. And the time of imprisonment is 25 years. She told about how hard it was for her to see everything and how she felt about that. She cried for two days and was very weak, and then she felt down from the stairs but not high ones and injured her leg. For me it isn't Just the accident of falling down caused the tumor in her limb.Another case is with the woman having a cancer and recei ving chemo, but talking about her allowances, and large amount of money she borrowed and that she must find from somewhere, but not having an idea from where. Also, her in-laws and husband are asking her to leave them, and cursing her for that. Next example is about a man who is 32 years old and divorced from his wife, has a son. This man was diagnosed as lung cancer. His sister came to me to consult about how to tell him his diagnosis. This man was grieving over his mother's death and living alone, and very often talking about committing a suicide. This case is even harder, telling him his diagnosis may cause him harm by himself. But this is another topic.

Member of Parliament Essay

Delegation is to give another person authority and responsibility of a certain task that you would normally do yourself but you still take accountability for the outcome. In order to delegate effectively you need to first decide what tasks to delegate. You need to track what you can delegate by making a list of tasks that you do and from this the things that you can give to others. It is a more cost effective way of giving others responsibility rather than hiring someone else to do the work. Planning is essential when you are delegating. You need to identify the individual’s knowledge on the task, the skills they have to do it efficiently. Give them control of the task completely but follow it up regularly by meetings and asking them how it is going, what is going good and what they need help on. Communication between the other person and you has to be very clear and precise. You should have their full attention. They need to have a clear understanding of what needs to be done and by when. SMART objectives need to be set for them and discuss the standard that you expect from them. Ask them how they will do it and what help you can give them in the task. Give them reassurance, confidence, offer them your support and appreciate them. Believe in them. When delegating tasks there are several levels of delegation to consider. Everyone is different, not everyone can handle or respond well to certain styles. A good manager knows which level to use with each member of staff when assigning a task. Level 1- this is when the manager asks the staff member to look into the situation, get all the facts needed and come back to him/her. The decision of what to do is made by the manager. This type of delegation is usually used for new employees who have no experience in the business. It is also used when you cannot physically do it yourself as you are handling quite a few other things at the same time. For example, at SS during a busy patch at lunch time, if there is a customer who comes in who has problems with his glasses. You cannot see him as you are already dealing with two other customers. You ask a member of staff to check the glasses thoroughly, find out what problem they are having by getting all the facts from the customer. You have delegated this task out to that member of staff but you make the final decision on what should be done. You control the delegation. Level 2- this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation but also come up with possible solutions to the problem. For example, in the above example, the manager  would have asked the member of staff to come up with reasons why the customer is having problems and ways to fix the problem. However, the final decision is still made by the manager. The manager still controls the delegation. This level offers opportunities for more instruction, coaching, and development of the employees. It is often used for employees who may be changing companies but staying in the same career, so they are familiar with the task but not with the new employer’s working style and requirements. Level 3 –this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation and come up with possible solutions. The staff member picks the best solution for the customer but gets the manager to approve before going ahead with it. For example the above mentioned member of staff would have the measurements rechecked by the manager before he remakes the customer’s glasses. The manager still controls the delegation but it conveys more trust and faith in the chosen employee, it also facilitates training, improves the overall experience and increases educational opportunities for the employee. This is a good happy medium for both new and experienced employees and works well in large workplaces where the tasks must be managed properly for structural purposes. Level 4 – this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation and carry on and finish it till the end of the solution unless he says not to. For example, in the above example, the member of staff would be able to finish it off unless the manager said not to. The staff member controls this type of delegation. It shows a lot of faith and pays a compliment to the staff as to their manager’s level of confidence in their ability to complete the task successfully. It is often left for experienced employees, particularly those who have performed the repeated task successfully in circumstances prior. One problem to this approach is it can also be a source of frustration for an employee who is told they have the expertise and capability to do what is requested the way their manager wants it done, but then if they lack the confidence in their manager to follow through or if something goes wrong, then it makes this person almost entirely accountable. This Level requires trust, rapport, confidence and understanding. Level 5 – this stage is when the managers asks the staff member to complete the task and to report back to him when it is done and what was done. For example in the above situation, the manager will want to know when the problem is sorted and what the member of staff  did to solve it. The manager doesn’t even require a heads-up or check-back before the staff member starts work on the task. Many companies who have experienced staff members use this type of delegation to accomplish more. It can also be beneficial for smaller companies who trust in their employees to help them perform at maximum potential. They control the delegation. Level 6 – this is when the manager tells the staff member to take action and follow it up if needed. For example in the above example, the manager gives full authority for that staff member to deal with the customer. He does not get involved at all. This is not only complete freedom, but also the ultimate compliment in terms of a manager’s confidence in the staff member’s ability to complete a task to the manager’s complete satisfaction. When it comes to effective delegation, you cannot just order people around. Each individual is different and responds differently to different styles of delegation, criticism and praise. This means in order to be most effective, and get the best results from staff chosen to have tasks and projects delegated to them, employers must be both creative and knowledgeable when it comes to picking the right person for the right kind of delegated assignment.